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Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP, and SCTP

* The average data rate, peak data rate, maximum burst size, and effective band-width are qualitative values that describe a data flow.
* A data flow can have a constant bit rate, a variable bit rate, or traffic that is bursty.
* Congestion control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to control congestion and keep the load below capacity.
* Delay and throughput measure the performance of a network.
* Open-loop congestion control prevents congestion; closed-loop congestion control removes congestion.
* TCP avoids congestion through the use of two strategies: the combination of slow start and additive increase, and multiplicative decrease.
* Frame relay avoids congestion through the use of two strategies: backward explicit congestion notification (BECN) and the forward explicit congestion notification (FECN).
* A flow can be characterized by its reliability, delay, jitter, and bandwidth.
* Scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control are techniques to improve quality of service (QoS).
* FIFO queuing, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing are scheduling techniques.
* Leaky bucket and token bucket are traffic shaping techniques.
* Integrated Services is a flow-based QoS model designed for IP.
* The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is a signaling protocol that helps IP create a flow and makes a resource reservation.
* Differential Services is a class-based QoS model designed for IP.
* Access rate, committed burst size, committed information rate, and excess burst size are attributes to control traffic in Frame Relay.
* Quality of service in ATM is based on service classes, user-related attributes, and network-related attributes.