18-03-2011, 06:26 PM
|
 | M.Arsalan Qureshi | | Join Date: Oct 2008 Location: Garden Town, Multan Cantt
Posts: 616
Program / Discipline: BSTS Class Roll Number: 09-31 | |
 Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading
* Multiplexing is the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. * Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and wave-division multiplexing (WDM) are techniques for analog signals, while time-division multiplexing (TDM) is for digital signals. * In FDM, each signal modulates a different carrier frequency. The modulated carriers are combined to form a new signal that is then sent across the link. * In FDM, multiplexers modulate and combine signals while demultiplexers decompose and demodulate. * In FDM, guard bands keep the modulated signals from overlapping and interfering with one another. * Telephone companies use FDM to combine voice channels into successively larger groups for more efficient transmission. * Wave-division multiplexing is similar in concept to FDM. The signals being multiplexed, however, are light waves. * In TDM, digital signals from n devices are interleaved with one another, forming a frame of data (bits, bytes, or any other data unit). * Framing bits allow the TDM multiplexer to synchronize properly. * Digital signal (DS) is a hierarchy of TDM signals. * T lines (T-1 to T-4) are the implementation of DS services. A T-1 line consists of 24 voice channels. * T lines are used in North America. The European standard defines a variation called E lines. * Inverse multiplexing splits a data stream from one high-speed line onto multiple lower-speed lines.
__________________   |