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Network Management: SNMP

* Audio/video files can be downloaded for future use (streaming stored audio/video) or broadcast to clients over the Internet (streaming live audio/video). The Internet can also be used for live audio/video interaction.
* Audio and video need to be digitized before being sent over the Internet.
* Audio files are compressed through predictive encoding or perceptual encoding.
* Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is a method to compress pictures and graphics.
* The JPEG process involves blocking, the discrete cosine transform, quantization, and lossless compression.
* Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) is a method to compress video.
* MPEG involves both spatial compression and temporal compression. The former is similar to JPEG, and the latter removes redundant frames.
* We can use a Web server, or a Web server with a metafile, or a media server, or a media server and RSTP to download a streaming audio/video file.
* Real-time data on a packet-switched network require the preservation of the time relationship between packets of a session.
* Gaps between consecutive packets at the receiver cause a phenomnon called jitter.
* Jitter can be controlled through the use of timestamps and a judicious choice of the playback time.
* A playback buffer holds data until they can be played back.
* A receiver delays playing back real-time data held in the playback buffer until a threshold level is reached.
* Sequence numbers on real-time data packets provide a form of error control.
* Real-time data are multicast to receivers.
* Real-time data traffic sometimes requires a translator to change a high-bandwidth signal to a lower-quality narrow-bandwidth signal.
* A mixer combines signals from different sources into one signal.
* Real-time multimedia traffic requires both UDP and Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP).
* RTP handles timestamping, sequencing, and mixing.
* Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) provides flow control, quality of data control, and feedback to the sources.
* Voice over IP is a real-time interactive audio/video application.
* The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application layer protocol that establishes, manages, and terminates multimedia sessions.
* H.323 is an ITU standard that allows a telephone connected to a public telephone network to talk to a computer connected to the Internet.