Query regarding internet **HELP**

[TokyoDrift]

Guys I have a question regarding internet which is bothering me from a long time an I would like to request if anybody can explain me thoroughly!
Basically in pakistan PTCL, NTC and Wateen have the only independent infrastructure to join link with the entire world and provide facilities like INTERNET etc.. 98% other ISP's in pakistan take internet from PTCL; (Pakistan interent Exchange).

Now my questions are:
1.) From where this internet comes from?
2.) Who manages internet?
3.) Who manages Domain Name system?
4.) Who provides us IP whenever we log on to internet?
5.) Do PTCL have to buy international Bandwidth?
6.) If yes then from whom to buy n what are the bandwidth rates?
7.) How the whole networking/linking the counteries is working; how the submarine cable connects counteries and who owns submarine cable?
8.) Where is the main centre of the internet?

GUYS HELP ME!!
These questions have now really started irritating me!

[.BZU.]

Here at BZUPAGES We all are the students. not the workers of the Pakistan Tele Communication ....
I am moving your thread. because it is not about any article...

[Muzammil]

But questions Achche hain.. meine search kiya is bare me.. time zara kam hai to abhi ek hi question ka answer mila hai use share ker raha hoon.. hope next time baqi ke dhondoonga..

Where did the Internet come from?

The Internet was never truly created as an entity of its own. It is an amalgamation of many earlier networks. The story of how the Internet was born has been told hundreds of times in hundreds of books, magazine articles, and online documents. But I think it's a law that every book about the Internet must tell the story. Without further ado, here it is. (I'll tell it as quickly as I can.)

In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a part of the U.S. government's Department of Defense, set up the first parts of the network that would eventually become the Internet. At the time, the network was called the ARPAnet. The ARPAnet would link the military, defense contractors and universities in one seamless computer network.
A major problem with computer networks at the time was every machine on a network needed to be operating for the network to function at all. Imagine three computers connected in a row; if the machine in the middle went down (for maintenance, for instance) the first and last computers couldn't communicate. If you were the U.S. government in the middle of a cold war, this was bad. Networks of that type could never be very reliable.
The ARPAnet would be the first network of its kind for many reasons--primarily because it was decentralized, with no central computer running the show. Further, if one computer on the network should go down, it was imperative that the others retain the capability of communicating. (You can imagine why this was important to the United States military, which would be more than a little disappointed should their entire network of computers be rendered inoperable by a single well-placed bomb.) The ARPAnet would need to link any number of computers and automatically reroute information should some of those computers go offline.
The ARPANet began by linking four locations: Stanford University, UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.
The ARPAnet expanded to nonmilitary uses in the 70s when universities and defense-related researchers were permitted to join the network. By the late 70s, the ARPAnet was so large that its original set of standards and communication protocols could not support the growth of the network. After extended bickering and debate, the ARPAnet switched to the TCP/IP communication protocols (still in use today), which would allow further growth in the size of the network. By 1983, all computers on the ARPAnet were using TCP/IP.
By 1983, it became clear that most use of the ARPAnet was for nonmilitary purposes, so it was split into two networks: one part became MILNET, a Department of Defense military-only network, and the rest remained ARPAnet, which would resume its job of connecting research sites and other nonmilitary users. The networks continued to grow.
In 1987, the National Science Foundation created their own network, called NSFnet. The NSFnet would be a high-speed "backbone" network to support the burgeoning number of networked users as well as new bandwidth-intensive applications. The ARPAnet and the NSFNET, similar in structure and purpose, began to cooperate and merge. By the late 80s, the ARPANet was absorbed by the NSFnet. (Today, the NSFnet remains a major "backbone" of Internet connections in the United States.
In the mid 80s, the National Science Foundation began to provide funding for the establishment of research and academic networks throughout the United States. It began linking those networks to the NSFnet. The same sorts of things were happening all over the world--educators, bureaucrats and hobbyists plugging their computers into networks and those networks into other networks.
The NSFnet's charter was to support education and research. It was (and is) considered inappropriate to use that network for commercial purposes. Although the guidelines of what you could and couldn't do were vague, the NSFnet's appropriate use policies made it clear that for most purposes, commercial activity was forbidden. In many cases, even though it was possible to send business information from two NSFnet-linked networks, it wasn't allowed.
In 1991, a group of small commercial networks created a network of their own--the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX)--which would allow commercial use and be free of those nasty appropriate use policies. Now, commercial users were able to connect with each other quickly and legally by networking with CIX rather than the NSFnet. What this meant was commercial collaboration, technical support by e-mail, pay-for-use databases, you name it. The formation of the CIX gave yet another boost to the growth of the Internet.
Now it's today and here we are. Commercial activity on the Net is continuing its unprecedented growth, but that certainly hasn't hurt the scientific, educational, and research networks (which are also growing by leaps and bounds.) The Internet--a combination of the NSFnet, ARPAnet, the CIX, and about 10,000 other networks--will continue to grow and change, meeting the needs of the people who want it, no matter what they use it for.

Note: For a more complete history of the Internet, use the anonymous FTP program to get the following files. (If you're a new Internet user, please pardon this lapse into techspeak. I want you to know where to find this information, even if you don't yet know how to get it!) Anonymous FTP from is thoroughly covered in Chapter 6, "How Can I Find and Use Software (and Other Stuff)?" ftp.isoc.org:/internet/history/_A Brief History of the Internet and Related Networks_ by V. Cerf
ftp.isoc.org:/internet/history/how.internet.came.to.be
ftp.isoc.org:/internet/history/short.history.of.internet

[TokyoDrift]

@emsplanet
Dude history to mujha bhi pata hi ha..
Mera question ha ka ab kahan sa ata ha? From whom PTCL takes bandwidth?
Wo kon ha jo huma internet access da rai??!!
Anyway thanks for your consideration!

[BSIT07-01]

ok

According to my knowledge...

The Main Internet Back bone is National Science Foundation Network

& Tier 1 networks have closest relation with this back bone...



There are almost 8-9 T1 networks, sorry if i missed some...

AT&T
Global Crossing
Savvis
Level3 Communication
Verio
Sprint
Verizon
Tellia Sonera

Verio is the largest Tier 1 Network and is headquartered in TOKYO JAPAN ( Not tokyo drift ) lol

There are others networks which work under these T1 Networks & Purchase services from them

Tier 2 Networks may be connected with more that one T1 Networks to get/provide more reliability...
Like Cogent Communication have pairing with Level3, Tellia Sonera, Sprint etc...

After that There are Tier 3 and Tier 4 Networks...

I have posted their details on this Page Tier1,2,3,4



Ok Now come to your Questions:

Ans1) Internet is provided by the NSFN (National Science Foundation Network), Before it was provided by ArpaNet but was replaced by NSFN , I think in 1998...

Ans2) The same as answer 1

Ans3) Domain Name System is managed by ICANN (http://icann.org) Here is the root database which shows that who manages the specific TLD (Top Level Domain) http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/
1 thing I want to clear that the name of companies given on the page I provided on above line, are the base for providing that specific domain (like for .com domain there is only 1 company Verisign who manages it) However is managed at backend by ICANN but ICANN don't provide Domain Names they just give services to these companies and they almost probably don't give domain names directly they have other registrars who provide domains...

After thesec companies who are managing root TLD's , they have their Registrars, which sell domains in bulk or whatever they want...

There are some registrars who have the approved existance (given authority by ICANN) are called ICANN ACCREDITED REGISTRARS ... List of such registrars is given here http://www.icann.org/en/registrars/accredited-list.html

Ans4) Who provides? is some how not clear... But IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) http://iana.org is the base for managing these IP's ... I am not clear that by which process/procedure these are given to companies in Pakistan like PTCL , But they get the IP's in form of Blocks & they Manage that blocks here in their datacenter... & the IP provided while we connect to internet is provided by these local Companies... There is somehow APNIC.NET is involved ... I am not sure about what is this

Ans5) Yes offcourse, PTCL has purchase bandwidth, while they connect to Tier Networks they must have to purchase...

Ans6) Where to get, It depends on you, & I am not Clear about price... If you're going to start an ISP or Data Center for Webhosting (One of My Dreams :D) then you must have to get service from them..
There are many companies who provide & I had contacted 1 of them almost 7-9 months ago, They asked me to send my company details, is it registered or not... lol :D
In Our University there is IP & Internet Service provided by CE-TEL for PAKSAT ... Details can be found here http://ce-tel.com/paksat.htm ... IP of Computers in BZU is of Germeny because CE-TEL is based in Germany & they are providing that IP's Through Satelite... Price ka CE-TEL se contact kar kay kar lo pata ... Mujhay bhi Bata Daina :D

Ans7) Submarine ka mujhay nai pata ... but I think It would be some of Tier Networks...

Ans8) It should be clear by reading the above Answers...

Note: I have Just Given Answers according to my Knowledge... These may be wrong ... If you found any thing wrong please do correct it...

Thanks

[TokyoDrift]

Thanks alot Dudes!!

[TokyoDrift]

Guys we need to buy bandwidth for making connection with outer world; a website hosted outside Pakistan will utilize that international bandwidth but if a website is hosted within Pakistan an we access it; will not eat up that international bandwidth. It means it doesn't costs PTCL if we access website within our country; right??

[BSIT07-01]

Yes, Off course it will not cost PTCL when it is being accessed within Pakistan...

But it may use somewhat while resolving name to IP...

When a user within Pakistan try to access that website request is first sent to the DNS Server, which the user has specified in his PC (OpenDNS or that specified by PTCL), Then that DNS Server will check it's cache, If the IP is already resolved it will send that IP to user otherwise it will resolve it (Do you know how resolution does occur?) & send that IP to user then that user will establish a direct connection with that IP to access data...

If Site is within Pakistan, it will be easily accessible (fast access)... & it will not consume B/W of PTCL...

ok

If You're using PTCL Broadband, Have you used http://entertainment.ptcl.net/ ... It is hosted within the PTCL's own network... You can compare it's speed with others... It's always fast than others... because it's record is just added in Local DNS Server of PTCL ..When you will try to open it request is sent to DNS Server of PTCL ... It will resolve it to their Web Server...
AND you can check that this site will not be accessible if you're using some other DNS than PTCL's own...

[TokyoDrift]

@BSIT07-01
Thanks alot Bro!
Can anybody tell me some good host in pakistan?
And 1 thing more, how can I get a domain name like 'something.something.com'??
Or 'sohaib.sohrab.com'?

[BSIT07-01]

You're welcome

Why are you going to be hosted in Pakistan? any solid reason?
It's all the wastage of money If you want to get hosted in Pakistan...
If you still want then go to http://www.cybersites.net.pk/comparisonsheet.asp

But I may suggest you to get hosting from any other company... Like from us ...

I may suggest you to get hosted on http://pakwaves.com http://ideafist.com or send me a PM I will guide you about hosting

And you have asked about subdomain ... like http://something.something.com

So

in that URL something.com is called a Domain and the term 'something' before it is subdomain.

If you get a domain, domain prices are almost 800RS/year you may contact me to get original price... You usually have unlimited subdomains ... but pakistani duffers are still giving just 3-24 subdomains, just to earn money, huh!